引言

在Java企业级应用中,Redis作为高性能的内存数据库,广泛应用于缓存、会话管理、分布式锁等场景。为了提高系统的可用性和性能,Redis主从架构成为了不可或缺的技术方案。本文将结合Java实战经验,深入探讨Redis主从架构的原理,并提供完整的搭建和集成指南。

Redis主从架构原理

什么是主从架构

Redis主从架构是一种数据复制方案,通过一个主节点(Master)和多个从节点(Slave)的协作,实现:

  • 数据冗余:多个从节点提供数据备份
  • 读写分离:主节点处理写操作,从节点处理读操作
  • 负载分担:读请求分散到多个从节点
  • 故障恢复:主节点故障时可以快速切换

主从复制流程

1. 建立连接阶段

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// 从节点连接主节点的过程(Java客户端视角)
public class RedisReplicationClient {
private String masterHost;
private int masterPort;
private String masterAuth;

public void connectToMaster() {
try {
// 创建到主节点的连接
Jedis masterJedis = new Jedis(masterHost, masterPort);
if (masterAuth != null) {
masterJedis.auth(masterAuth);
}

// 发送PING命令测试连接
String pong = masterJedis.ping();
if ("PONG".equals(pong)) {
System.out.println("成功连接到主节点");
}
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("连接主节点失败: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

2. 数据同步阶段

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// 数据同步过程模拟
public class DataSyncProcess {

public void syncData(Jedis master, Jedis slave) {
// 1. 主节点生成RDB快照
String lastSave = master.lastsave();
System.out.println("主节点最后保存时间: " + lastSave);

// 2. 从节点接收RDB数据
// 这个过程由Redis内部完成

// 3. 验证数据同步
master.set("sync_test", "Hello Master-Slave");
String value = slave.get("sync_test");
System.out.println("从节点获取到数据: " + value);
}
}

3. 命令传播阶段

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// 命令传播监控
public class CommandPropagation {

public void monitorReplication(Jedis master, Jedis slave) {
// 监控主从复制状态
String masterInfo = master.info("replication");
String slaveInfo = slave.info("replication");

System.out.println("主节点复制信息:");
System.out.println(masterInfo);
System.out.println("从节点复制信息:");
System.out.println(slaveInfo);
}
}

Java集成Redis主从架构

Spring Boot配置

1. 添加依赖

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<!-- pom.xml -->
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-redis</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>redis.clients</groupId>
<artifactId>jedis</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>

2. 配置文件

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# application.yml
spring:
redis:
# 主节点配置
host: 192.168.1.100
port: 6379
password: your_password
timeout: 2000ms
jedis:
pool:
max-active: 20
max-idle: 10
min-idle: 5
max-wait: 2000ms
# 从节点配置
cluster:
nodes:
- 192.168.1.101:6379
- 192.168.1.102:6379

3. Redis配置类

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@Configuration
@EnableCaching
public class RedisConfig {

@Value("${spring.redis.host}")
private String masterHost;

@Value("${spring.redis.port}")
private int masterPort;

@Value("${spring.redis.password}")
private String password;

@Value("${spring.redis.jedis.pool.max-active}")
private int maxActive;

@Value("${spring.redis.jedis.pool.max-idle}")
private int maxIdle;

@Value("${spring.redis.jedis.pool.min-idle}")
private int minIdle;

@Value("${spring.redis.jedis.pool.max-wait}")
private long maxWaitMillis;

// 主节点连接池
@Bean("masterJedisPool")
public JedisPool masterJedisPool() {
JedisPoolConfig config = new JedisPoolConfig();
config.setMaxTotal(maxActive);
config.setMaxIdle(maxIdle);
config.setMinIdle(minIdle);
config.setMaxWaitMillis(maxWaitMillis);
config.setTestOnBorrow(true);
config.setTestOnReturn(true);

return new JedisPool(config, masterHost, masterPort, 2000, password);
}

// 从节点连接池
@Bean("slaveJedisPool")
public JedisPool slaveJedisPool() {
JedisPoolConfig config = new JedisPoolConfig();
config.setMaxTotal(maxActive);
config.setMaxIdle(maxIdle);
config.setMinIdle(minIdle);
config.setMaxWaitMillis(maxWaitMillis);
config.setTestOnBorrow(true);
config.setTestOnReturn(true);

// 这里配置从节点地址
return new JedisPool(config, "192.168.1.101", 6379, 2000, password);
}

// RedisTemplate配置
@Bean
public RedisTemplate<String, Object> redisTemplate(
@Qualifier("masterJedisPool") JedisPool masterPool) {
RedisTemplate<String, Object> template = new RedisTemplate<>();

// 使用自定义的Jedis连接工厂
JedisConnectionFactory factory = new JedisConnectionFactory();
factory.setHostName(masterHost);
factory.setPort(masterPort);
factory.setPassword(password);
factory.setPoolConfig(createPoolConfig());
factory.afterPropertiesSet();

template.setConnectionFactory(factory);

// 序列化配置
template.setKeySerializer(new StringRedisSerializer());
template.setValueSerializer(new GenericJackson2JsonRedisSerializer());
template.setHashKeySerializer(new StringRedisSerializer());
template.setHashValueSerializer(new GenericJackson2JsonRedisSerializer());

template.afterPropertiesSet();
return template;
}

private JedisPoolConfig createPoolConfig() {
JedisPoolConfig config = new JedisPoolConfig();
config.setMaxTotal(maxActive);
config.setMaxIdle(maxIdle);
config.setMinIdle(minIdle);
config.setMaxWaitMillis(maxWaitMillis);
config.setTestOnBorrow(true);
config.setTestOnReturn(true);
return config;
}
}

读写分离实现

1. 读写分离服务类

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@Service
public class RedisReadWriteService {

@Autowired
@Qualifier("masterJedisPool")
private JedisPool masterPool;

@Autowired
@Qualifier("slaveJedisPool")
private JedisPool slavePool;

// 写操作使用主节点
public void write(String key, String value) {
try (Jedis jedis = masterPool.getResource()) {
jedis.set(key, value);
System.out.println("写入主节点成功: " + key + " = " + value);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("写入主节点失败: " + e.getMessage());
throw new RuntimeException("写入失败", e);
}
}

// 读操作使用从节点
public String read(String key) {
try (Jedis jedis = slavePool.getResource()) {
String value = jedis.get(key);
System.out.println("从从节点读取: " + key + " = " + value);
return value;
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("从从节点读取失败: " + e.getMessage());
// 从节点失败时,尝试从主节点读取
return readFromMaster(key);
}
}

// 从主节点读取(降级方案)
private String readFromMaster(String key) {
try (Jedis jedis = masterPool.getResource()) {
String value = jedis.get(key);
System.out.println("降级从主节点读取: " + key + " = " + value);
return value;
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("从主节点读取也失败: " + e.getMessage());
throw new RuntimeException("读取失败", e);
}
}

// 批量写操作
public void batchWrite(Map<String, String> keyValues) {
try (Jedis jedis = masterPool.getResource()) {
Pipeline pipeline = jedis.pipelined();
for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : keyValues.entrySet()) {
pipeline.set(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
}
pipeline.sync();
System.out.println("批量写入完成,共 " + keyValues.size() + " 条记录");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("批量写入失败: " + e.getMessage());
throw new RuntimeException("批量写入失败", e);
}
}

// 批量读操作
public Map<String, String> batchRead(List<String> keys) {
Map<String, String> result = new HashMap<>();
try (Jedis jedis = slavePool.getResource()) {
Pipeline pipeline = jedis.pipelined();
List<Response<String>> responses = new ArrayList<>();

for (String key : keys) {
responses.add(pipeline.get(key));
}
pipeline.sync();

for (int i = 0; i < keys.size(); i++) {
String value = responses.get(i).get();
if (value != null) {
result.put(keys.get(i), value);
}
}
System.out.println("批量读取完成,共 " + result.size() + " 条记录");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("批量读取失败: " + e.getMessage());
throw new RuntimeException("批量读取失败", e);
}
return result;
}
}

2. 缓存服务实现

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@Service
public class CacheService {

@Autowired
private RedisReadWriteService redisService;

// 缓存用户信息
public void cacheUserInfo(String userId, UserInfo userInfo) {
try {
String key = "user:info:" + userId;
String value = JSON.toJSONString(userInfo);
redisService.write(key, value);

// 设置过期时间
try (Jedis jedis = redisService.getMasterPool().getResource()) {
jedis.expire(key, 3600); // 1小时过期
}
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("缓存用户信息失败: " + e.getMessage());
}
}

// 获取用户信息
public UserInfo getUserInfo(String userId) {
try {
String key = "user:info:" + userId;
String value = redisService.read(key);
if (value != null) {
return JSON.parseObject(value, UserInfo.class);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("获取用户信息失败: " + e.getMessage());
}
return null;
}

// 缓存商品信息
public void cacheProductInfo(String productId, ProductInfo productInfo) {
try {
String key = "product:info:" + productId;
String value = JSON.toJSONString(productInfo);
redisService.write(key, value);

// 设置过期时间
try (Jedis jedis = redisService.getMasterPool().getResource()) {
jedis.expire(key, 1800); // 30分钟过期
}
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("缓存商品信息失败: " + e.getMessage());
}
}

// 获取商品信息
public ProductInfo getProductInfo(String productId) {
try {
String key = "product:info:" + productId;
String value = redisService.read(key);
if (value != null) {
return JSON.parseObject(value, ProductInfo.class);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("获取商品信息失败: " + e.getMessage());
}
return null;
}
}

监控和健康检查

1. 健康检查服务

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@Component
public class RedisHealthChecker {

@Autowired
@Qualifier("masterJedisPool")
private JedisPool masterPool;

@Autowired
@Qualifier("slaveJedisPool")
private JedisPool slavePool;

// 检查主节点健康状态
public boolean checkMasterHealth() {
try (Jedis jedis = masterPool.getResource()) {
String pong = jedis.ping();
if ("PONG".equals(pong)) {
// 检查复制状态
String info = jedis.info("replication");
System.out.println("主节点健康检查通过");
System.out.println("主节点复制信息: " + info);
return true;
}
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("主节点健康检查失败: " + e.getMessage());
}
return false;
}

// 检查从节点健康状态
public boolean checkSlaveHealth() {
try (Jedis jedis = slavePool.getResource()) {
String pong = jedis.ping();
if ("PONG".equals(pong)) {
// 检查复制状态
String info = jedis.info("replication");
System.out.println("从节点健康检查通过");
System.out.println("从节点复制信息: " + info);
return true;
}
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("从节点健康检查失败: " + e.getMessage());
}
return false;
}

// 检查主从复制延迟
public long checkReplicationLag() {
try (Jedis masterJedis = masterPool.getResource();
Jedis slaveJedis = slavePool.getResource()) {

// 获取主节点复制信息
String masterInfo = masterJedis.info("replication");
String slaveInfo = slaveJedis.info("replication");

// 解析复制延迟
long masterOffset = parseOffset(masterInfo);
long slaveOffset = parseOffset(slaveInfo);

long lag = masterOffset - slaveOffset;
System.out.println("主从复制延迟: " + lag + " bytes");

return lag;
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("检查复制延迟失败: " + e.getMessage());
return -1;
}
}

private long parseOffset(String info) {
// 解析复制偏移量
String[] lines = info.split("\r\n");
for (String line : lines) {
if (line.startsWith("master_repl_offset:")) {
return Long.parseLong(line.split(":")[1]);
}
}
return 0;
}
}

2. 定时监控任务

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@Component
public class RedisMonitorTask {

@Autowired
private RedisHealthChecker healthChecker;

@Scheduled(fixedRate = 30000) // 每30秒执行一次
public void monitorRedisHealth() {
System.out.println("=== Redis健康检查开始 ===");

// 检查主节点
boolean masterHealthy = healthChecker.checkMasterHealth();
System.out.println("主节点状态: " + (masterHealthy ? "健康" : "异常"));

// 检查从节点
boolean slaveHealthy = healthChecker.checkSlaveHealth();
System.out.println("从节点状态: " + (slaveHealthy ? "健康" : "异常"));

// 检查复制延迟
long lag = healthChecker.checkReplicationLag();
if (lag > 0) {
System.out.println("复制延迟: " + lag + " bytes");
if (lag > 1024 * 1024) { // 超过1MB
System.out.println("警告: 复制延迟过大!");
}
}

System.out.println("=== Redis健康检查结束 ===\n");
}
}

故障处理和切换

1. 故障检测

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@Component
public class RedisFailoverHandler {

@Autowired
@Qualifier("masterJedisPool")
private JedisPool masterPool;

@Autowired
@Qualifier("slaveJedisPool")
private JedisPool slavePool;

private volatile boolean masterDown = false;

// 检测主节点故障
public boolean detectMasterFailure() {
try (Jedis jedis = masterPool.getResource()) {
jedis.ping();
masterDown = false;
return false;
} catch (Exception e) {
masterDown = true;
System.err.println("主节点故障检测: " + e.getMessage());
return true;
}
}

// 故障切换处理
public void handleFailover() {
if (detectMasterFailure()) {
System.out.println("检测到主节点故障,开始故障切换...");

// 1. 停止写入操作
System.out.println("停止写入操作");

// 2. 通知应用层
notifyApplicationLayer();

// 3. 等待数据同步完成
waitForDataSync();

// 4. 提升从节点为主节点
promoteSlaveToMaster();

System.out.println("故障切换完成");
}
}

private void notifyApplicationLayer() {
// 通知应用层主节点故障
System.out.println("通知应用层: 主节点故障,切换到只读模式");
}

private void waitForDataSync() {
// 等待数据同步完成
System.out.println("等待数据同步完成...");
try {
Thread.sleep(5000); // 等待5秒
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}
}

private void promoteSlaveToMaster() {
try (Jedis slaveJedis = slavePool.getResource()) {
// 执行 SLAVEOF NO ONE 命令
slaveJedis.slaveofNoOne();
System.out.println("从节点已提升为主节点");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("提升从节点失败: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

2. 自动故障切换

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@Component
public class AutoFailoverService {

@Autowired
private RedisFailoverHandler failoverHandler;

@Scheduled(fixedRate = 10000) // 每10秒检查一次
public void checkAndHandleFailover() {
try {
failoverHandler.handleFailover();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("自动故障切换检查失败: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

性能优化

1. 连接池优化

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@Configuration
public class OptimizedRedisConfig {

// 优化的连接池配置
@Bean("optimizedMasterPool")
public JedisPool optimizedMasterPool() {
JedisPoolConfig config = new JedisPoolConfig();

// 连接池大小优化
config.setMaxTotal(50); // 最大连接数
config.setMaxIdle(20); // 最大空闲连接数
config.setMinIdle(10); // 最小空闲连接数
config.setMaxWaitMillis(3000); // 最大等待时间

// 连接有效性检测
config.setTestOnBorrow(true); // 借用时检测
config.setTestOnReturn(true); // 归还时检测
config.setTestWhileIdle(true); // 空闲时检测

// 空闲连接检测配置
config.setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis(30000); // 30秒检测一次
config.setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis(60000); // 空闲60秒后回收
config.setNumTestsPerEvictionRun(3); // 每次检测3个连接

return new JedisPool(config, "192.168.1.100", 6379, 2000, "password");
}
}

2. 批量操作优化

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@Service
public class OptimizedRedisService {

@Autowired
@Qualifier("optimizedMasterPool")
private JedisPool masterPool;

// 优化的批量写入
public void optimizedBatchWrite(Map<String, String> data) {
try (Jedis jedis = masterPool.getResource()) {
Pipeline pipeline = jedis.pipelined();

// 批量设置
for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : data.entrySet()) {
pipeline.set(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
}

// 批量设置过期时间
for (String key : data.keySet()) {
pipeline.expire(key, 3600);
}

// 执行批量操作
List<Object> results = pipeline.syncAndReturnAll();
System.out.println("批量操作完成,处理了 " + results.size() + " 个命令");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("批量写入失败: " + e.getMessage());
throw new RuntimeException("批量写入失败", e);
}
}

// 使用Lua脚本优化复杂操作
public void optimizedComplexOperation(String key, String value) {
String luaScript =
"local key = KEYS[1]\n" +
"local value = ARGV[1]\n" +
"local ttl = ARGV[2]\n" +
"redis.call('SET', key, value)\n" +
"redis.call('EXPIRE', key, ttl)\n" +
"return redis.call('GET', key)\n";

try (Jedis jedis = masterPool.getResource()) {
Object result = jedis.eval(luaScript, 1, key, value, "3600");
System.out.println("Lua脚本执行结果: " + result);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("Lua脚本执行失败: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

实际应用案例

1. 电商系统缓存

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@Service
public class EcommerceCacheService {

@Autowired
private RedisReadWriteService redisService;

// 缓存商品详情
public void cacheProductDetail(String productId, ProductDetail product) {
String key = "product:detail:" + productId;
String value = JSON.toJSONString(product);

redisService.write(key, value);

// 设置过期时间
try (Jedis jedis = redisService.getMasterPool().getResource()) {
jedis.expire(key, 1800); // 30分钟
}
}

// 获取商品详情
public ProductDetail getProductDetail(String productId) {
String key = "product:detail:" + productId;
String value = redisService.read(key);

if (value != null) {
return JSON.parseObject(value, ProductDetail.class);
}

// 缓存未命中,从数据库加载
return loadFromDatabase(productId);
}

// 缓存用户购物车
public void cacheUserCart(String userId, List<CartItem> cartItems) {
String key = "user:cart:" + userId;
String value = JSON.toJSONString(cartItems);

redisService.write(key, value);

// 购物车数据不过期,用户主动清除
}

// 获取用户购物车
public List<CartItem> getUserCart(String userId) {
String key = "user:cart:" + userId;
String value = redisService.read(key);

if (value != null) {
return JSON.parseArray(value, CartItem.class);
}

return new ArrayList<>();
}

private ProductDetail loadFromDatabase(String productId) {
// 从数据库加载商品详情
// 这里省略具体实现
return new ProductDetail();
}
}

2. 用户会话管理

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@Service
public class SessionManagementService {

@Autowired
private RedisReadWriteService redisService;

// 创建用户会话
public String createUserSession(String userId, UserSession session) {
String sessionId = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
String key = "session:" + sessionId;
String value = JSON.toJSONString(session);

redisService.write(key, value);

// 设置会话过期时间
try (Jedis jedis = redisService.getMasterPool().getResource()) {
jedis.expire(key, 1800); // 30分钟
}

// 记录用户与会话的映射
String userSessionKey = "user:session:" + userId;
redisService.write(userSessionKey, sessionId);

return sessionId;
}

// 获取用户会话
public UserSession getUserSession(String sessionId) {
String key = "session:" + sessionId;
String value = redisService.read(key);

if (value != null) {
return JSON.parseObject(value, UserSession.class);
}

return null;
}

// 延长会话时间
public void extendSession(String sessionId) {
String key = "session:" + sessionId;

try (Jedis jedis = redisService.getMasterPool().getResource()) {
jedis.expire(key, 1800); // 重新设置30分钟
}
}

// 销毁用户会话
public void destroyUserSession(String sessionId) {
String key = "session:" + sessionId;

try (Jedis jedis = redisService.getMasterPool().getResource()) {
jedis.del(key);
}
}
}

总结

通过本文的详细介绍,我们了解了:

核心要点

  1. Redis主从架构原理:数据复制、读写分离、故障恢复
  2. Java集成方案:Spring Boot配置、连接池管理、读写分离实现
  3. 监控和健康检查:实时监控主从状态、复制延迟检测
  4. 故障处理机制:故障检测、自动切换、降级方案
  5. 性能优化策略:连接池优化、批量操作、Lua脚本

最佳实践

  • 合理配置连接池:根据业务量调整连接池大小
  • 实现读写分离:提高读性能,减轻主节点压力
  • 监控复制延迟:确保数据一致性
  • 准备故障切换:提高系统可用性
  • 优化批量操作:使用Pipeline和Lua脚本

注意事项

  • 主从复制存在延迟,需要根据业务需求评估
  • 故障切换需要手动处理,建议结合Sentinel实现自动切换
  • 监控和告警机制必不可少
  • 定期备份和测试故障恢复流程

掌握Redis主从架构的Java实战应用,将大大提升系统的性能和可靠性,为高并发应用提供强有力的技术支撑。