第509集故障复盘你关注哪些指标与证据链？
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故障复盘你关注哪些指标与证据链？
1. 概述
1.1 故障复盘的重要性
故障复盘是系统运维中的关键环节，通过系统化地分析故障原因、影响和恢复过程，总结经验教训，持续改进系统稳定性和运维能力。
本文内容：
- 关键指标：故障复盘需要关注的核心指标
- 证据链构建：如何构建完整的故障证据链
- 复盘流程：故障复盘的完整流程和方法
- 根因分析：深入分析故障根本原因
- 改进措施：制定和实施改进措施
- 实战案例：故障复盘实践案例
1.2 本文内容结构
本文将从以下几个方面深入探讨故障复盘：
- 关键指标：时间指标、影响指标、恢复指标
- 证据链构建：日志、监控、告警、变更记录
- 复盘流程：故障复盘的完整流程
- 根因分析：故障根本原因分析方法
- 改进措施：改进措施的制定和实施
- 实战案例：故障复盘实践案例
2. 关键指标
2.1 时间指标
2.1.1 故障时间线指标
时间指标：记录故障发生、发现、响应、恢复的完整时间线。
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public class IncidentTimelineMetrics {
private Date incidentTime;
private Date detectionTime;
private Date responseTime;
private Date recoveryTime;
private Date resolutionTime;
public long getDetectionDelay() {
return (detectionTime.getTime() - incidentTime.getTime()) / 1000;
}
public long getResponseTime() {
return (responseTime.getTime() - detectionTime.getTime()) / 1000;
}
public long getRecoveryTime() {
return (recoveryTime.getTime() - incidentTime.getTime()) / 1000;
}
public long getResolutionTime() {
return (resolutionTime.getTime() - incidentTime.getTime()) / 1000;
}
public long getDowntime() {
return (recoveryTime.getTime() - incidentTime.getTime()) / 1000;
}
}
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2.1.2 MTTR和MTBF
MTTR和MTBF指标：
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public class ReliabilityMetrics {
public double calculateMTTR(List<Incident> incidents) {
if (incidents.isEmpty()) {
return 0;
}
long totalRepairTime = 0;
for (Incident incident : incidents) {
totalRepairTime += incident.getRepairTime();
}
return (double) totalRepairTime / incidents.size();
}
public double calculateMTBF(List<Incident> incidents) {
if (incidents.size() < 2) {
return 0;
}
long totalInterval = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < incidents.size(); i++) {
long interval = incidents.get(i).getTime() -
incidents.get(i - 1).getRecoveryTime();
totalInterval += interval;
}
return (double) totalInterval / (incidents.size() - 1);
}
public double calculateAvailability(double mttr, double mtbf) {
return mtbf / (mtbf + mttr);
}
}
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2.2 影响指标
2.2.1 业务影响指标
业务影响指标：
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public class BusinessImpactMetrics {
private int affectedUsers;
private double userImpactRate;
private int errorRequests;
private double errorRate;
private double revenueLoss;
private int failedTransactions;
private double transactionFailureRate;
private double serviceAvailability;
private long totalRequests;
private long successfulRequests;
public double calculateServiceAvailability() {
if (totalRequests == 0) {
return 1.0;
}
return (double) successfulRequests / totalRequests;
}
public double calculateErrorRate() {
if (totalRequests == 0) {
return 0.0;
}
return (double) errorRequests / totalRequests;
}
public double calculateUserImpactRate(int totalUsers) {
if (totalUsers == 0) {
return 0.0;
}
return (double) affectedUsers / totalUsers;
}
}
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2.3 恢复指标
2.3.1 恢复过程指标
恢复过程指标：
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public class RecoveryMetrics {
private List<RecoveryStep> recoverySteps;
private Map<String, Long> stepDurations;
public long getTotalRecoveryTime() {
return recoverySteps.stream()
.mapToLong(step -> step.getDuration())
.sum();
}
public double getRecoverySuccessRate() {
long successfulSteps = recoverySteps.stream()
.filter(step -> step.isSuccessful())
.count();
return (double) successfulSteps / recoverySteps.size();
}
private int rollbackCount;
private int retryCount;
private int manualInterventionCount;
public double calculateAutomationRate() {
long totalSteps = recoverySteps.size();
long automatedSteps = recoverySteps.stream()
.filter(step -> step.isAutomated())
.count();
return (double) automatedSteps / totalSteps;
}
}
class RecoveryStep {
private String stepName;
private long duration;
private boolean successful;
private boolean automated;
public String getStepName() { return stepName; }
public long getDuration() { return duration; }
public boolean isSuccessful() { return successful; }
public boolean isAutomated() { return automated; }
}
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3. 证据链构建
3.1 日志证据
3.1.1 日志收集和分析
日志证据链：
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| import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class LogEvidenceChain {
public class ApplicationLogs {
public List<LogEntry> collectApplicationLogs(Date startTime, Date endTime) {
return logService.queryLogs("application", startTime, endTime);
}
public List<LogEntry> filterErrorLogs(List<LogEntry> logs) {
return logs.stream()
.filter(log -> log.getLevel().equals("ERROR"))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
public List<LogEntry> filterExceptionLogs(List<LogEntry> logs) {
return logs.stream()
.filter(log -> log.getMessage().contains("Exception"))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
}
public class SystemLogs {
public List<LogEntry> collectSystemLogs(Date startTime, Date endTime) {
return logService.queryLogs("system", startTime, endTime);
}
public List<LogEntry> filterCriticalLogs(List<LogEntry> logs) {
return logs.stream()
.filter(log -> log.getLevel().equals("CRITICAL") ||
log.getLevel().equals("FATAL"))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
}
public class DatabaseLogs {
public List<LogEntry> collectDatabaseLogs(Date startTime, Date endTime) {
return logService.queryLogs("database", startTime, endTime);
}
public List<LogEntry> filterSlowQueryLogs(List<LogEntry> logs) {
return logs.stream()
.filter(log -> log.getMessage().contains("slow query"))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
}
public Timeline buildLogTimeline(Date incidentTime, Date recoveryTime) {
Timeline timeline = new Timeline();
List<LogEntry> appLogs = applicationLogs.collectApplicationLogs(
incidentTime, recoveryTime);
List<LogEntry> sysLogs = systemLogs.collectSystemLogs(
incidentTime, recoveryTime);
List<LogEntry> dbLogs = databaseLogs.collectDatabaseLogs(
incidentTime, recoveryTime);
timeline.addLogs(appLogs);
timeline.addLogs(sysLogs);
timeline.addLogs(dbLogs);
timeline.sortByTime();
return timeline;
}
}
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3.2 监控证据
3.2.1 监控数据收集
监控证据链：
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public class MonitoringEvidenceChain {
public class SystemMetrics {
public MetricsData collectSystemMetrics(Date startTime, Date endTime) {
MetricsData metrics = new MetricsData();
metrics.setCpuUsage(monitoringService.getCpuUsage(startTime, endTime));
metrics.setMemoryUsage(monitoringService.getMemoryUsage(startTime, endTime));
metrics.setDiskIO(monitoringService.getDiskIO(startTime, endTime));
metrics.setNetworkIO(monitoringService.getNetworkIO(startTime, endTime));
return metrics;
}
}
public class ApplicationMetrics {
public MetricsData collectApplicationMetrics(Date startTime, Date endTime) {
MetricsData metrics = new MetricsData();
metrics.setQPS(monitoringService.getQPS(startTime, endTime));
metrics.setResponseTime(monitoringService.getResponseTime(startTime, endTime));
metrics.setErrorRate(monitoringService.getErrorRate(startTime, endTime));
metrics.setThreadCount(monitoringService.getThreadCount(startTime, endTime));
return metrics;
}
}
public class DatabaseMetrics {
public MetricsData collectDatabaseMetrics(Date startTime, Date endTime) {
MetricsData metrics = new MetricsData();
metrics.setConnectionCount(
monitoringService.getDBConnectionCount(startTime, endTime));
metrics.setSlowQueryCount(
monitoringService.getSlowQueryCount(startTime, endTime));
metrics.setLockWait(
monitoringService.getLockWait(startTime, endTime));
return metrics;
}
}
public Timeline buildMonitoringTimeline(Date incidentTime, Date recoveryTime) {
Timeline timeline = new Timeline();
MetricsData systemMetrics = systemMetrics.collectSystemMetrics(
incidentTime, recoveryTime);
MetricsData appMetrics = applicationMetrics.collectApplicationMetrics(
incidentTime, recoveryTime);
MetricsData dbMetrics = databaseMetrics.collectDatabaseMetrics(
incidentTime, recoveryTime);
timeline.addMetrics(systemMetrics);
timeline.addMetrics(appMetrics);
timeline.addMetrics(dbMetrics);
return timeline;
}
}
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3.3 告警证据
3.3.1 告警记录
告警证据链：
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public class AlertEvidenceChain {
public class AlertRecords {
public List<Alert> collectAlerts(Date startTime, Date endTime) {
return alertService.queryAlerts(startTime, endTime);
}
public List<Alert> filterCriticalAlerts(List<Alert> alerts) {
return alerts.stream()
.filter(alert -> alert.getSeverity().equals("CRITICAL") ||
alert.getSeverity().equals("FATAL"))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
public List<Alert> getAlertSequence(List<Alert> alerts) {
return alerts.stream()
.sorted(Comparator.comparing(Alert::getTime))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
}
public class AlertCorrelation {
public Map<String, List<Alert>> correlateAlerts(List<Alert> alerts) {
Map<String, List<Alert>> correlated = new HashMap<>();
for (Alert alert : alerts) {
String key = alert.getService() + ":" + alert.getType();
correlated.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> new ArrayList<>()).add(alert);
}
return correlated;
}
public List<Alert> findRootCauseAlerts(List<Alert> alerts) {
return alerts.stream()
.sorted(Comparator.comparing(Alert::getTime))
.limit(5)
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
}
}
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3.4 变更记录
3.4.1 变更历史
变更记录证据：
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public class ChangeEvidenceChain {
public class ChangeRecords {
public List<Change> collectChanges(Date startTime, Date endTime) {
return changeService.queryChanges(startTime, endTime);
}
public List<Change> getRecentChanges(Date beforeTime, int hours) {
Date startTime = new Date(beforeTime.getTime() - hours * 3600 * 1000);
return changeService.queryChanges(startTime, beforeTime);
}
public List<Change> filterHighRiskChanges(List<Change> changes) {
return changes.stream()
.filter(change -> change.getRiskLevel().equals("HIGH") ||
change.getRiskLevel().equals("CRITICAL"))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
}
public class ChangeImpactAnalysis {
public boolean isChangeRelated(Change change, Date incidentTime) {
long timeDiff = incidentTime.getTime() - change.getTime().getTime();
long hours = timeDiff / (3600 * 1000);
if (hours > 0 && hours < 24) {
return change.getAffectedServices().contains(incidentService);
}
return false;
}
public List<Change> findRelatedChanges(List<Change> changes, Date incidentTime) {
return changes.stream()
.filter(change -> isChangeRelated(change, incidentTime))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
}
}
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4. 复盘流程
4.1 复盘准备
4.1.1 证据收集
复盘准备：
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public class IncidentReviewPreparation {
public ReviewPackage prepareReviewPackage(Incident incident) {
ReviewPackage package = new ReviewPackage();
package.setTimeline(buildTimeline(incident));
package.setLogs(collectLogs(incident));
package.setMetrics(collectMetrics(incident));
package.setAlerts(collectAlerts(incident));
package.setChanges(collectChanges(incident));
package.setOperations(collectOperations(incident));
return package;
}
private Timeline buildTimeline(Incident incident) {
Timeline timeline = new Timeline();
timeline.addEvent("故障发生", incident.getIncidentTime());
timeline.addEvent("故障发现", incident.getDetectionTime());
timeline.addEvent("开始响应", incident.getResponseTime());
timeline.addEvent("服务恢复", incident.getRecoveryTime());
timeline.addEvent("完全解决", incident.getResolutionTime());
return timeline;
}
private List<LogEntry> collectLogs(Incident incident) {
LogEvidenceChain logChain = new LogEvidenceChain();
return logChain.buildLogTimeline(
incident.getIncidentTime(),
incident.getRecoveryTime()
).getLogs();
}
private MetricsData collectMetrics(Incident incident) {
MonitoringEvidenceChain monitoringChain = new MonitoringEvidenceChain();
return monitoringChain.buildMonitoringTimeline(
incident.getIncidentTime(),
incident.getRecoveryTime()
).getMetrics();
}
private List<Alert> collectAlerts(Incident incident) {
AlertEvidenceChain alertChain = new AlertEvidenceChain();
return alertChain.collectAlerts(
incident.getIncidentTime(),
incident.getRecoveryTime()
);
}
private List<Change> collectChanges(Incident incident) {
ChangeEvidenceChain changeChain = new ChangeEvidenceChain();
return changeChain.getRecentChanges(
incident.getIncidentTime(),
24
);
}
private List<Operation> collectOperations(Incident incident) {
return operationService.queryOperations(
incident.getIncidentTime(),
incident.getRecoveryTime()
);
}
}
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4.2 复盘执行
4.2.1 复盘会议
复盘执行：
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public class IncidentReviewExecution {
public ReviewReport executeReview(ReviewPackage package) {
ReviewReport report = new ReviewReport();
report.setTimelineAnalysis(analyzeTimeline(package.getTimeline()));
report.setRootCauseAnalysis(analyzeRootCause(package));
report.setImpactAnalysis(analyzeImpact(package));
report.setRecoveryAnalysis(analyzeRecovery(package));
report.setIssuesSummary(summarizeIssues(package));
report.setImprovements(generateImprovements(report));
return report;
}
private TimelineAnalysis analyzeTimeline(Timeline timeline) {
TimelineAnalysis analysis = new TimelineAnalysis();
analysis.setDetectionDelay(timeline.getDetectionDelay());
analysis.setResponseTime(timeline.getResponseTime());
analysis.setRecoveryTime(timeline.getRecoveryTime());
analysis.setBottlenecks(identifyBottlenecks(timeline));
return analysis;
}
private RootCauseAnalysis analyzeRootCause(ReviewPackage package) {
RootCauseAnalysis analysis = new RootCauseAnalysis();
List<String> logCauses = analyzeLogsForRootCause(package.getLogs());
List<String> metricCauses = analyzeMetricsForRootCause(package.getMetrics());
List<String> alertCauses = analyzeAlertsForRootCause(package.getAlerts());
List<String> changeCauses = analyzeChangesForRootCause(package.getChanges());
analysis.setRootCause(determineRootCause(
logCauses, metricCauses, alertCauses, changeCauses));
return analysis;
}
private ImpactAnalysis analyzeImpact(ReviewPackage package) {
ImpactAnalysis analysis = new ImpactAnalysis();
BusinessImpactMetrics metrics = calculateBusinessImpact(package);
analysis.setBusinessImpact(metrics);
TechnicalImpactMetrics techMetrics = calculateTechnicalImpact(package);
analysis.setTechnicalImpact(techMetrics);
return analysis;
}
private RecoveryAnalysis analyzeRecovery(ReviewPackage package) {
RecoveryAnalysis analysis = new RecoveryAnalysis();
List<RecoveryStep> steps = package.getRecoverySteps();
analysis.setSteps(steps);
analysis.setEfficiency(calculateRecoveryEfficiency(steps));
analysis.setImprovements(identifyRecoveryImprovements(steps));
return analysis;
}
}
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5. 根因分析
5.1 分析方法
5.1.1 5Why分析法
5Why根因分析：
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public class FiveWhyAnalysis {
public RootCause performFiveWhy(String problem) {
RootCause rootCause = new RootCause();
rootCause.setProblem(problem);
String why1 = askWhy(problem);
rootCause.addWhy(1, why1);
String why2 = askWhy(why1);
rootCause.addWhy(2, why2);
String why3 = askWhy(why2);
rootCause.addWhy(3, why3);
String why4 = askWhy(why3);
rootCause.addWhy(4, why4);
String why5 = askWhy(why4);
rootCause.addWhy(5, why5);
rootCause.setRootCause(why5);
return rootCause;
}
private String askWhy(String answer) {
return "需要进一步分析";
}
}
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5.2 鱼骨图分析
5.2.1 因果分析
鱼骨图分析：
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public class FishboneAnalysis {
public enum Category {
PEOPLE,
PROCESS,
TECHNOLOGY,
ENVIRONMENT,
MATERIAL,
METHOD
}
public FishboneDiagram analyze(Incident incident) {
FishboneDiagram diagram = new FishboneDiagram();
diagram.setProblem(incident.getDescription());
diagram.addCategory(Category.PEOPLE, analyzePeople(incident));
diagram.addCategory(Category.PROCESS, analyzeProcess(incident));
diagram.addCategory(Category.TECHNOLOGY, analyzeTechnology(incident));
diagram.addCategory(Category.ENVIRONMENT, analyzeEnvironment(incident));
diagram.addCategory(Category.MATERIAL, analyzeMaterial(incident));
diagram.addCategory(Category.METHOD, analyzeMethod(incident));
return diagram;
}
private List<String> analyzePeople(Incident incident) {
List<String> causes = new ArrayList<>();
return causes;
}
private List<String> analyzeProcess(Incident incident) {
List<String> causes = new ArrayList<>();
return causes;
}
private List<String> analyzeTechnology(Incident incident) {
List<String> causes = new ArrayList<>();
return causes;
}
private List<String> analyzeEnvironment(Incident incident) {
List<String> causes = new ArrayList<>();
return causes;
}
private List<String> analyzeMaterial(Incident incident) {
List<String> causes = new ArrayList<>();
return causes;
}
private List<String> analyzeMethod(Incident incident) {
List<String> causes = new ArrayList<>();
return causes;
}
}
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6. 改进措施
6.1 改进计划
6.1.1 改进措施制定
改进措施：
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public class ImprovementMeasures {
public enum ImprovementType {
PREVENTIVE,
DETECTIVE,
CORRECTIVE,
MITIGATING
}
public class Improvement {
private String title;
private String description;
private ImprovementType type;
private String owner;
private Date targetDate;
private String status;
private int priority;
public Improvement(String title, String description, ImprovementType type) {
this.title = title;
this.description = description;
this.type = type;
this.status = "PENDING";
}
}
public List<Improvement> generateImprovements(ReviewReport report) {
List<Improvement> improvements = new ArrayList<>();
RootCauseAnalysis rootCause = report.getRootCauseAnalysis();
improvements.addAll(generatePreventiveMeasures(rootCause));
improvements.addAll(generateDetectiveMeasures(rootCause));
improvements.addAll(generateCorrectiveMeasures(rootCause));
RecoveryAnalysis recovery = report.getRecoveryAnalysis();
improvements.addAll(generateRecoveryImprovements(recovery));
return improvements;
}
private List<Improvement> generatePreventiveMeasures(RootCauseAnalysis rootCause) {
List<Improvement> measures = new ArrayList<>();
if (rootCause.getRootCause().contains("配置错误")) {
measures.add(new Improvement(
"配置管理改进",
"实施配置变更审批流程和自动化配置验证",
ImprovementType.PREVENTIVE
));
}
return measures;
}
private List<Improvement> generateDetectiveMeasures(RootCauseAnalysis rootCause) {
List<Improvement> measures = new ArrayList<>();
if (rootCause.getRootCause().contains("资源耗尽")) {
measures.add(new Improvement(
"资源监控告警",
"增加资源使用率监控和告警阈值",
ImprovementType.DETECTIVE
));
}
return measures;
}
private List<Improvement> generateCorrectiveMeasures(RootCauseAnalysis rootCause) {
List<Improvement> measures = new ArrayList<>();
if (rootCause.getRootCause().contains("代码bug")) {
measures.add(new Improvement(
"修复代码bug",
"修复相关代码bug并增加单元测试",
ImprovementType.CORRECTIVE
));
}
return measures;
}
private List<Improvement> generateRecoveryImprovements(RecoveryAnalysis recovery) {
List<Improvement> measures = new ArrayList<>();
if (recovery.getEfficiency() < 0.8) {
measures.add(new Improvement(
"自动化恢复流程",
"将手动恢复步骤自动化，提高恢复效率",
ImprovementType.MITIGATING
));
}
return measures;
}
}
|
6.2 改进跟踪
6.2.1 改进实施跟踪
改进跟踪：
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public class ImprovementTracking {
public void trackImprovements(List<Improvement> improvements) {
for (Improvement improvement : improvements) {
createImprovementTask(improvement);
scheduleTracking(improvement);
}
}
private void createImprovementTask(Improvement improvement) {
Task task = new Task();
task.setTitle(improvement.getTitle());
task.setDescription(improvement.getDescription());
task.setOwner(improvement.getOwner());
task.setTargetDate(improvement.getTargetDate());
task.setPriority(improvement.getPriority());
taskService.createTask(task);
}
private void scheduleTracking(Improvement improvement) {
scheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(() -> {
checkImprovementStatus(improvement);
}, 0, 7, TimeUnit.DAYS);
}
private void checkImprovementStatus(Improvement improvement) {
String status = taskService.getTaskStatus(improvement.getTitle());
improvement.setStatus(status);
if ("COMPLETED".equals(status)) {
validateImprovement(improvement);
}
}
private void validateImprovement(Improvement improvement) {
}
}
|
7. 实战案例
7.1 故障复盘案例
7.1.1 完整复盘流程
完整故障复盘案例：
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public class CompleteIncidentReviewCase {
public void executeCompleteReview(Incident incident) {
IncidentReviewPreparation preparation = new IncidentReviewPreparation();
ReviewPackage package = preparation.prepareReviewPackage(incident);
IncidentReviewExecution execution = new IncidentReviewExecution();
ReviewReport report = execution.executeReview(package);
ImprovementMeasures measures = new ImprovementMeasures();
List<Improvement> improvements = measures.generateImprovements(report);
ImprovementTracking tracking = new ImprovementTracking();
tracking.trackImprovements(improvements);
generateReviewReport(incident, report, improvements);
}
private void generateReviewReport(Incident incident, ReviewReport report,
List<Improvement> improvements) {
ReviewReportDocument document = new ReviewReportDocument();
document.addSection("故障概述", generateIncidentSummary(incident));
document.addSection("时间线", report.getTimelineAnalysis());
document.addSection("根因分析", report.getRootCauseAnalysis());
document.addSection("影响分析", report.getImpactAnalysis());
document.addSection("恢复过程", report.getRecoveryAnalysis());
document.addSection("改进措施", improvements);
documentService.save(document);
}
}
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8. 总结
8.1 核心要点
- 关键指标：时间指标（MTTR、MTBF）、影响指标、恢复指标
- 证据链：日志、监控、告警、变更记录、操作记录
- 复盘流程：准备、执行、分析、改进
- 根因分析：5Why、鱼骨图等分析方法
- 改进措施：预防性、检测性、纠正性、缓解性措施
- 持续跟踪：改进措施的跟踪和验证
8.2 关键理解
- 证据完整性：完整的证据链是准确分析的基础
- 时间线重要性：清晰的时间线有助于理解故障过程
- 根因分析：深入分析根因，避免表面问题
- 改进闭环：改进措施需要跟踪和验证
- 持续改进：故障复盘是持续改进的重要环节
8.3 最佳实践
- 及时复盘：故障发生后尽快进行复盘
- 证据完整：收集完整的证据链
- 客观分析：客观分析，避免归因偏差
- 行动导向：复盘结果要转化为具体改进措施
- 跟踪验证：跟踪改进措施的实施和效果
- 知识沉淀：将复盘经验沉淀为知识库
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